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Impact of Monkeypox on Men Who Have Sex with Men
Monkeypox, now referred to as Mpox, is an infectious disease caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The recent outbreak of Mpox has predominantly affected men who have sex with men (MSM), leading to significant social and health-related implications. Since its emergence outside Africa in 2022, with cases reported globally, the association of Mpox with MSM has dramatically intensified stigma and discrimination against this community (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
The disease’s symptoms, including fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy, can be distressing, but the psychological toll is often compounded by the stigma associated with the disease. Stigmatization has been shown to lead to healthcare avoidance among MSM, resulting in delayed diagnoses and potential worsening of health outcomes (Owhonda et al., 2024). A recent cross-sectional study indicated that 33% of MSM reported avoiding medical care due to fear of discrimination, illustrating the profound impact of stigma on healthcare-seeking behavior (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
Discrimination and Stigma in Healthcare Settings
Healthcare settings are critical environments where stigma can manifest and affect the quality of care provided to MSM. Discrimination within these settings can deter individuals from seeking necessary medical attention, resulting in further health complications. In a survey conducted among MSM, 34.8% reported experiencing discrimination in healthcare environments, which is indicative of systemic biases that exist within medical practice (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
The discrimination faced by MSM in healthcare is often exacerbated by misconceptions about the disease and its transmission. Misrepresentation in the media and societal narratives has contributed to a culture of stigma, which can lead healthcare providers to harbor biases against MSM. It is crucial for healthcare systems to adopt training programs that educate providers about the unique challenges faced by MSM and the importance of delivering equitable care (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
Table 1: Survey Data on Discrimination in Healthcare Settings
| Source of Discrimination | Percentage of Participants Reporting Discrimination |
|---|---|
| Media | 81.7% |
| Workplace | 41.7% |
| Family/Friends | 45.2% |
| Cohabitants | 15.7% |
| Healthcare System | 34.8% |
Psychological Effects of the Monkeypox Outbreak on MSM
The psychological effects of the Mpox outbreak on MSM are significant and troubling. Reports indicate that approximately 50.4% of surveyed MSM experienced feelings of low mood or anxiety, particularly those who frequently feared contracting Mpox (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025). The interplay between fear, stigma, and mental health creates a cycle that exacerbates the burden on affected individuals.
Psychological distress can lead to changes in sexual behavior, with 71.3% of participants reporting alterations such as reduced sexual encounters or increased condom use as a response to the outbreak (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025). This highlights the necessity for mental health support tailored to the specific needs of MSM during infectious disease outbreaks.
Changes in Sexual Behavior Due to Monkeypox Fears
The emergence of Mpox has altered sexual behavior among MSM, primarily as a coping mechanism to mitigate perceived risks associated with the virus. The fear of contracting Mpox has led to significant changes in sexual practices, with many individuals reporting reduced sexual encounters and increased precautions such as condom usage (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
These behavioral changes are not only a reflection of health concerns but also a response to the stigma associated with being identified as part of a high-risk group. The study indicated that 60% of respondents reduced their number of sexual encounters, while 28.7% stopped frequenting social or sexual venues (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025).
Table 2: Changes in Sexual Behavior Among MSM Due to Mpox
| Behavior Change | Percentage of Participants |
|---|---|
| Reduced number of sexual encounters | 60% |
| More frequent use of condoms | 17.4% |
| Sought medical attention for STIs | 15.7% |
| Stopped frequenting certain places | 28.7% |
| Made other unspecified changes | 27.8% |
Importance of Accurate Information and Public Health Messaging
Accurate information dissemination plays a key role in mitigating stigma and discrimination related to Mpox. Many MSM reported that the information available about Mpox was insufficient, with 67.8% expressing a desire for more comprehensive resources (Linares-Navarro et al., 2025). This gap in information can perpetuate fear and misinformation, further entrenching stigma.
Public health authorities must prioritize effective communication strategies that are inclusive and sensitive to the needs of MSM. Tailored messaging that normalizes discussions around Mpox, emphasizes the importance of seeking medical attention, and dispels myths associated with the disease is essential. Collaborative efforts between healthcare providers, community leaders, and media outlets can foster a more supportive atmosphere for MSM and help reduce the stigma associated with Mpox.
Table 3: Perception of Information Availability Regarding Mpox
| Information Sufficiency | Percentage of Participants |
|---|---|
| Insufficient information | 67.8% |
| Sufficient information | 32.2% |
References
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Linares-Navarro, R., Sanz-Muñoz, I., Onecha-Vallejo, V., Fernández-Espinilla, V., Eiros, J. M., Castrodeza-Sanz, J., & Prada-García, C. (2025). Psychosocial impact and stigma on men who have sex with men due to monkeypox. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1479680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1479680
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Owhonda, A., Kilonzo, K., & Mchome, B. S. (2024). The impact of monkeypox on men who have sex with men: A critical review. BMC Public Health, 24, 112
FAQ
What is Monkeypox?
Monkeypox, also known as Mpox, is a viral disease caused by the Mpox virus, characterized by fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. It is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which includes the smallpox virus.
How does Monkeypox spread?
Monkeypox can spread through direct contact with infected individuals, bodily fluids, or lesions. It can also be transmitted through respiratory droplets or contaminated materials such as bedding or clothing.
Why is there stigma surrounding Monkeypox?
Stigma surrounding Monkeypox primarily affects men who have sex with men due to the association of the virus with this community during the recent outbreak. Misrepresentation in media and societal attitudes contribute to discrimination and stigma, impacting affected individuals’ mental health and healthcare-seeking behavior.
What can be done to combat stigma related to Monkeypox?
To combat stigma, it is essential to provide accurate information, promote inclusive public health messaging, train healthcare providers on cultural competence, and support mental health initiatives for affected populations. Community engagement and collaboration with media can also help reduce stigma and misinformation.
How can individuals reduce their risk of Monkeypox?
Individuals can reduce their risk of Monkeypox by practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, using personal protective equipment in healthcare settings, and staying informed about preventive measures and vaccination options.