Impact of Vitamin A and D on COVID-19 Risk in Elderly

Relationship Between Vitamin A and D Deficiency and COVID-19

Vitamin A and D are essential for maintaining optimal health, particularly in the context of immune function. Vitamin A plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues, including the respiratory tract, while Vitamin D modulates the immune response and has anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have indicated that deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to heightened susceptibility to infections, including respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

Research by Li et al. (2025) found that older adults with COVID-19 exhibited significantly lower levels of both vitamins A and D compared to healthy controls. The study highlighted that 81.3% of the COVID-19 patients were Vitamin A deficient, contrasting sharply with just 3.3% in healthy individuals. Similarly, 75% of COVID-19 patients were found to have Vitamin D deficiency, compared to 50% in the control group. These findings underscore the potential link between micronutrient deficiency and increased vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes in the elderly population.

Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with Vitamin Deficiencies

The clinical characteristics of elderly patients with COVID-19 demonstrate a strong correlation with Vitamin A and D levels. Deficiencies in these vitamins have been associated with higher respiratory rates, elevated heart rates, and increased neutrophil counts, indicating a heightened inflammatory response. For example, the study noted a significant negative correlation between Vitamin A levels and respiratory rate as well as neutrophil counts (Li et al., 2025).

Furthermore, Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to worse clinical outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization and increased severity of symptoms. The immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D can help mitigate excessive inflammatory responses, which are critical in the context of viral infections such as COVID-19.

Significance of Vitamins in Immune Function and Respiratory Health

Both Vitamins A and D significantly influence immune health. Vitamin A supports the function of various immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to respond to pathogens. It has also been shown to play a role in the production of mucosal antibodies, which are vital for respiratory defense against viruses.

Conversely, Vitamin D is known for its role in reducing the risk of respiratory infections. It enhances the pathogen-fighting effects of monocytes and macrophages—white blood cells integral to the immune response. Vitamin D also promotes the expression of antimicrobial peptides that can help combat viral infections, including COVID-19.

Table 1: Clinical Correlation of Vitamin A and D with COVID-19 Outcomes

Statistical Analysis of Vitamin Levels Among Elderly COVID-19 Patients

A robust statistical analysis was performed to assess the impact of Vitamin A and D levels on COVID-19 outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that both Vitamin A and D deficiencies are independent risk factors for contracting COVID-19 among the elderly population. Specifically, the odds ratio (OR) for Vitamin A deficiency was found to be 147.518 (95% CI = 5.874–3704.664, P = 0.002), while the OR for Vitamin D deficiency was 0.875 (95% CI = 0.765–1.001, P = 0.049). This suggests that adequate levels of these vitamins are essential in reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Table 2: Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Results

Implications for Preventative Strategies in Elderly Populations

Given the substantial evidence linking Vitamin A and D deficiencies to increased risks of severe COVID-19 in the elderly, there is a critical need for targeted nutritional interventions. Supplementation with these vitamins could potentially bolster immune responses and mitigate the risk of severe disease outcomes.

Healthcare providers should consider routine screening for Vitamin A and D levels, particularly among older adults, to identify deficiencies early. Public health strategies aimed at promoting a balanced diet rich in these vitamins may help enhance overall immune function and wellness in this vulnerable group.

Moreover, educational campaigns emphasizing the importance of dietary sources of these vitamins, such as fatty fish for Vitamin D and liver or fortified foods for Vitamin A, could further support preventive health measures.

FAQs

Why are Vitamins A and D important for COVID-19?
Vitamins A and D play crucial roles in immune function, helping to maintain the integrity of respiratory tissues and modulate inflammatory responses.

How can I ensure adequate levels of Vitamins A and D?
Incorporate foods rich in these vitamins into your diet. For Vitamin A, consider liver, fish, dairy, and leafy greens. For Vitamin D, fatty fish, fortified foods, and sunlight exposure can help.

What are the risks of deficiency in these vitamins?
Deficiencies can lead to compromised immune function, increased susceptibility to infections, and potentially more severe outcomes if infected with viruses like SARS-CoV- How can I get tested for Vitamin A and D levels?
Consult your healthcare provider about blood tests that measure levels of these vitamins.

Are there any side effects of taking Vitamin A and D supplements?
While these vitamins are essential, excessive intake can lead to toxicity. It’s essential to follow recommended guidelines and consult a healthcare professional before starting supplements.

References

1. Li, T., Cui, X., & Yang, J. (2025). Association Between Vitamin A and D Status and the Risk of COVID-19 in the Elderly Population: A Single-Center Experience. Journal of Inflammation Research. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S522566

2. Isawa, T., Togashi, S., Taguri, M., Toyoda, S., & Toi, Y. (2025). Cardiovascular adverse events in patients with lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nationwide database study. The Oncologist

3. Lin, Y., Makkar, H., Zhang, S., Chen, B., Zhan, C., & Vining, K. (2025). Mechanical cues orchestrate monocyte behavior in immune regulation and disease. APL Bioengineering

4. Mahlangu, J. (2025). Marstacimab for the Treatment of Hemophilia A or B. Biologics: Targets & Therapy. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2147/BTT.S500480

5. (2024). Pregnancy outcomes and management in lung and heart transplant recipients: A systematic review. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100297

6. (2024). Association between pentoxifylline use and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: A multi-institutional cohort study. Journal of Biochemistry. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2024.100771

7. (2024). Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma in a Healthy 28-Year-Old Male During Latissimus Dorsi Pulldowns: A Case Report. Cureus. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.85038