What is chronic inflammation?

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged inflammatory response that can result from persistent infections, autoimmune diseases, or exposure to irritants. It is characterized by the continuous activation of the immune system, leading to tissue damage and contributing to various diseases.

What role do cytokines play in inflammation?

Cytokines are signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immune responses. Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote inflammation and recruit immune cells, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis.

How do reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) interact in inflammation?

ROS and NO play critical roles in the inflammatory response. While ROS can activate inflammatory pathways, excessive ROS production can lead to tissue damage. NO, on the other hand, has both protective and damaging effects, depending on its concentration and context.

How does calcium signaling influence inflammation and autophagy?

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) act as intracellular messengers that regulate inflammation and autophagy. Increased Ca²⁺ levels can promote inflammation by activating immune cells but also stimulate autophagy, which helps remove damaged cellular components and maintain homeostasis.

What are some strategies for managing chronic inflammation?

Management strategies for chronic inflammation may include anti-inflammatory medications, lifestyle modifications (such as exercise and stress reduction), and dietary interventions that emphasize anti-inflammatory foods. Targeted therapies, including biologics, are also emerging as effective treatments.

References

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Linde, L., Beske, R. P., Meyer, M. A., Mølstrøm, S., Grand, J., Helgestad, O. K. L., et al. (2024). Hemodynamic Characteristics and Prognostic Implication of Modified Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Shock Classification in Comatose Patients With Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease, 14(1), e036659
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