The Impact of Acupuncture on Allergic Disorders and Macrophages

Role of Macrophages in Allergic Inflammation

Macrophages are central to the immune response, acting as key regulators in both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. In allergic disorders, these immune cells can exhibit two distinct phenotypes: M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). The imbalance between these phenotypes is a significant factor in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.

Macrophage Polarization

In allergic inflammation, the activation of T helper type 2 (Th2) cells stimulates macrophages to shift towards the M2 phenotype. M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β, promoting tissue repair and resolution of inflammation. Conversely, M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, exacerbating allergic responses and contributing to chronic inflammation (Yang et al., 2024).

Macrophage Activation in Allergies

The activation of macrophages in allergic conditions is driven by various stimuli, including allergens, cytokines, and environmental factors. For instance, IL-4 and IL-13, secreted by Th2 cells, promote M2 polarization, while pro-inflammatory cytokines from M1 macrophages can perpetuate the cycle of inflammation. This complex interplay highlights the critical role of macrophages in maintaining immune homeostasis and their potential as therapeutic targets in allergic diseases.

Mechanisms of Acupuncture in Modulating Immune Responses

Acupuncture exerts its effects on the immune system through various mechanisms, particularly by influencing the function and polarization of macrophages. Recent studies indicate that acupuncture can significantly alter the inflammatory response in allergic diseases by promoting macrophage polarization from M1 to M2.

Neuroimmune Interactions

Acupuncture stimulates specific acupoints, activating afferent nerves that transmit signals to the central nervous system. This interaction can modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the release of hormones that affect immune function. For example, acupuncture has been shown to enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines while inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators (Qu et al., 2025).

Cytokine Network Modulation

By regulating the cytokine network, acupuncture can impact macrophage function. Studies have shown that acupuncture can decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10. This shift not only helps in reducing inflammation but also promotes tissue healing and recovery in allergic conditions (Yang et al., 2024).

Clinical Evidence Supporting Acupuncture for Allergic Diseases

A growing body of clinical evidence supports acupuncture’s effectiveness in treating allergic diseases. Several studies have highlighted its role in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Efficacy in Allergic Rhinitis

A systematic review of randomized controlled trials found that acupuncture significantly alleviates nasal symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis, including congestion, sneezing, and itching (Wang et al., 2023). Acupuncture was found to reduce the levels of inflammatory markers such as IL-4 and TNF-α, suggesting a strong anti-inflammatory effect.

Improvement in Asthma Symptoms

In asthma patients, acupuncture has shown to improve lung function and reduce the frequency of exacerbations. A meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture treatment led to a significant decrease in asthma symptoms and enhanced overall quality of life (Zhao et al., 2023). The mechanism appears to involve the modulation of macrophage activity and the subsequent reduction of airway inflammation.

Atopic Dermatitis Management

Acupuncture has also been effective in managing atopic dermatitis by reducing inflammation and improving skin health. Studies indicate that acupuncture can lower the severity of skin symptoms and enhance the quality of life for patients suffering from this chronic condition (Li et al., 2024).

Future Directions for Acupuncture Research in Allergy Treatment

Despite the promising evidence supporting acupuncture’s role in treating allergic diseases, further research is needed to solidify its place in clinical practice. Future studies should focus on the following areas:

• Standardization of Treatment Protocols: Establishing standardized acupuncture treatment protocols will enhance the reliability and reproducibility of research findings.
• Mechanistic Studies: More in-depth studies are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms through which acupuncture influences macrophage polarization and the broader immune response.
• Longitudinal Studies: Conducting long-term studies will help determine the sustainability of acupuncture’s effects on allergic diseases and its potential role in preventing disease exacerbations.

Conclusion

The current understanding of acupuncture’s impact on allergic disorders, particularly through its effects on macrophage function and immune modulation, presents a compelling case for its integration into modern therapeutic strategies. As research continues to unfold, acupuncture may emerge as a valuable adjunctive therapy for managing allergic diseases, providing patients with a holistic approach to treatment.

References

1. Qu, Y., Gu, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Xing, X. (2025). Acupuncture’s Immunomodulatory Effects on Macrophages in Allergic Disorders: A Systematic Review. Journal of Asthma and Allergy. DOI:10.2147/JAA.S516732

2. Yang, S. et al. (2024). The Role of Macrophage Polarization and Associated Mechanisms in Regulating the Anti-inflammatory Action of Acupuncture: A Literature Review and Perspectives. Journal of Integrative Medicine. DOI:10.1016/j.joim.2024.06.004

3. Wang, Z. et al. (2023). Acupuncture for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. European Journal of Medical Research. DOI:10.1186/s40001-022-00682-3

4. Zhao, H. et al. (2023). Acupuncture Alleviates Allergic Asthma by Modulating Immune Responses. Frontiers in Immunology. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117548

5. Li, J. et al. (2024). The Therapeutic Effects of Acupuncture on Atopic Dermatitis: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. DOI:10.1186/s12906-024-00584-5

FAQ

What is acupuncture?
Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medicine practice that involves inserting fine needles into specific points on the body to stimulate healing and balance the body’s energy.

How does acupuncture help with allergies?
Acupuncture helps modulate the immune response, particularly by influencing macrophage function, reducing inflammation, and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Is acupuncture safe for treating allergic diseases?
Yes, acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by trained professionals. It has fewer side effects compared to conventional medications used for allergic conditions.

How many sessions of acupuncture are typically needed for allergies?
The number of sessions can vary based on individual needs, but many patients may benefit from a series of treatments over a few weeks to see significant improvements.

Can acupuncture be used alongside other treatments for allergies?
Yes, acupuncture can complement other treatments, including medications and lifestyle changes, for managing allergic diseases.